Monday, October 13, 2025

When You Can't Give Your Best

Yesterday, out of nowhere, an opportunity landed in my inbox. Right away, I could already see exactly how I'd approach it, the effort, the care I'd take, the final product. It's the kind of work that I love, the kind that makes me forget to check the clock.

But here's the hard truth: I can't do it. Not right now. Not at the level I'm used to producing at.

I slept on it last night. This morning I was up early, reviewing everything - my current workload, family commitments, life in general. Calendars don't lie. I could squeeze this new work in, sure. I could add it to the pile and give it whatever scraps of energy remain at the end of the day.

But.... I don't want to disappoint myself - or anyone else - by delivering something mediocre when I know what I'm capable of creating.

It breaks my heart to say no. In the past, I've often said yes. I'd figure it out somehow, sleep less, push harder, make it work. But I'm older now, and I'm trying to slow down at least a little bit. I'm learning that not every opportunity needs to be seized, that rest isn't laziness, and that protecting my energy is just as important as proving myself.

This opportunity might not come around again. But saying yes would mean showing up as a shadow of myself, rushing through something that deserves my full attention, compromising on standards I've spent years building.

So for now, I decline. I send the email with a heavy heart. And I remind myself that sometimes the most professional thing you can do is recognize your limits and be honest about them.

Saturday, October 11, 2025

Building Quantum Networks on Existing Fiber Infrastructure

Image AI Generated
I’ve written here about quantum networks and communications. These systems that connect quantum computers and devices using quantum entanglement hold enormous promise for secure communication and distributed computing. But getting them to work over real-world distances has proven challenging.

The problem comes down to wavelengths. Most quantum systems today use visible or ultraviolet light to create entanglement between atoms. But here's the catch: when you try to send these signals through fiber optic cables over long distances, they degrade rapidly. The sweet spot for fiber optics is the "telecom band" - wavelengths ranging from about 1,260 to 1,675 nanometers or nm (infrared light), with the most efficient transmission around 1,310 nm and 1,550 nm. At these wavelengths, signals can travel hundreds of kilometers with minimal loss.

Converting quantum signals from visible light to telecom wavelengths sounds like an easy fix, but it's not. The conversion process reduces efficiency and introduces errors that corrupt the delicate quantum states you're trying to preserve.

Researchers led by Prof. Jacob P. Covey at the University of Illinois have identified a solution described here: A new scalable approach to realize a quantum communication network based on ytterbium-171 atoms The solution uses ytterbium-171 atoms that naturally emit light at 1,389 nanometers—already in the telecom band. No conversion needed. It's like building a device that speaks the right language from the start.

Ytterbium-171 was chosen strategically. This isotope is already used in ultra-precise atomic clocks because it has an extremely stable internal state. The researchers realized they could exploit this stability for quantum networking while taking advantage of its telecom-compatible light emission.

What makes this work particularly significant is the team's approach to scaling. Instead of just connecting one atom at a time, they created an array of multiple ytterbium-171 atoms held in place by focused laser beams (called optical tweezers). They then aligned this array with standard fiber optic cables - similar to how you might plug multiple ethernet cables into a router. This parallelization means multiple quantum connections can be established simultaneously, like having multiple lanes on a highway instead of a single narrow road. The team demonstrated that all channels maintained high-quality entanglement with virtually no interference between neighboring connections - a critical requirement for practical networks.

The researchers used something called "time-bin encoding" to package their quantum information. Rather than encoding data in properties like light polarization (which can get scrambled in fiber), they encode it in the precise timing of when photons arrive. Think of it as Morse code at the quantum level - the message is in the timing pattern rather than the brightness or color.

One innovation that makes this practical is their "mid-circuit networking protocol." In quantum computing, one of the biggest challenges is that quantum states are fragile—they degrade quickly. This protocol allows the system to establish network connections while keeping other quantum data intact, like being able to download files on your computer without closing all your other programs.

The team demonstrated their system can:

·       Create high-quality entanglement between atoms and photons consistently across all channels

·       Maintain quantum connections after sending photons through 40 meters of fiber optic cable

·       Achieve entanglement fidelity approaching 99% with planned improvements

·       Operate multiple channels simultaneously without crosstalk

The researchers are already designing a second-generation system that will use optical cavities (essentially mirrors that bounce photons back and forth) to dramatically improve collection efficiency. This could increase networking rates by orders of magnitude.

The long-term vision is creating networks where quantum processors at different locations can share entanglement - enabling distributed quantum computing, synchronized arrays of atomic clocks for precision sensing, and fundamentally secure communication channels.

This work shows that quantum networks can be built using existing fiber optic infrastructure while maintaining the high fidelities needed for practical quantum applications. By combining telecom-compatible atoms with scalable parallel architecture, the team has created a roadmap for the quantum networks of the future.

Thursday, September 25, 2025

My Friend Doug

Me, Cedric, Doug - around 1982
Two weeks ago, we talked. Really talked - about work, about old times, about nothing important that felt like everything. His voice was weaker than before, but it was still him. Still Doug, the guy I'd known for forty-five years, whose expertise in yeast and fungi identification had earned him recognition nationally as a mycologist.

Each visit since showed me less of my friend. First, the conversations grew shorter, his words more labored. Then came the days he mostly slept, stirring only when I gave his hand a shake. Last week, even that response faded.

His breathing changed completely. What was once steady became urgent, desperate. Each breath sounded like a struggle I couldn't help him win. He thrashed against sheets, against pain, against something I couldn't see or understand.

Was he dreaming? Was some part of him still in there, wrestling with memories from four and a half decades of friendship? Maybe he felt the strength that once earned him multiple degree black belts in judo, or remembering those early Pan-Mass Challenge rides we tackled together every summer - pushing each other through the hills, sharing water and encouragement, pedaling together for cancer research, raising money to beat the very disease that finally took him. Or maybe he was laughing at one of countless crazy memories - so many things that still make me smile.

I sat beside this man who changed my life in 1980. I'd just finished a one-year internship in clinical laboratory science, trying to figure out my next steps, when I interviewed for a position in the clinical microbiology lab. Competition was fierce, he was on the interview team and hired me. He saw something in me I hadn't yet seen in myself. Three of us became inseparable - Doug, Cedric, and me. But by 1982, my mind started to drift. Hospital work wasn't for me; I wasn't a good fit. When I decided to leave and a new direction, and Cedric headed off to Hawaii, Doug stayed behind. As he put it then, "Someone has to stick around and save lives."

It was difficult when I left the lab. In some ways, I was giving up, admitting I did not like the work. Back in 2012 I wrote about my decision to leave here.  Some were upset with my decision. But Doug - Doug encouraged me always. He understood that sometimes the best thing you can do is recognize when a path isn't right for you, even when others see it as failure.

And he did stay, saving lives for decades through his work, his dedication to understanding the microscopic world that could heal or harm. Doug was amazing at fungi identification - a skill that required incredible technique. Growing the fungi, using sticky tape to collect the flowering head, staining it, then identifying it under the microscope. I sucked at that. Doug was incredible at it. Over the years, he rose to become laboratory director, leading with the same precision and expertise he brought to every slide he examined. Through all these years, no matter where life took us, we remained in touch. If I needed anything - anything at all - he was always there. That steady presence, that unwavering friendship, became a bedrock I could always count on.

Five years ago, he had his bladder removed - the first major battle against cancer. Every three months after that, the trip to Dana-Farber in Boston for stent exchanges. He hung in there with that same determination he brought to everything - the judo mat, the Pan-Mass Challenge, his meticulous lab work, his life. He fought the good fight until the very end. 

The last word I heard him say was "pizza" a few days ago, when a dietician came in and asked what he wanted for dinner. She asked if he wanted fish - he hated fish. Even then, even barely able to speak, he managed to tell her he wanted pizza. That was so Doug, holding onto his preferences, his personality, his fight, right until the end.

Yesterday morning, things slipped away. His wife, his son, his dog, family - all left behind, trying to navigate a world that suddenly feels a lot smaller without him. The cruelest part is losing a rock-solid constant, a person who dedicated his life to saving others, who gave people a start and then a push, and who spent forty-five years being a true friend.

Rest up buddy. 

Wednesday, September 24, 2025

SIM Cards as Weapons

A successful attack could have caused 911 service disruptions, market instability and security communication breakdowns during this major international event.

Yesterday, the United States Secret Service stopped a major telecommunications potential disaster by shutting down 300 sophisticated SIM servers and confiscating 100,000 SIM cards that were deployed near the United Nations General Assembly in New York City. The attack system combined digital warfare capabilities with physical sabotage methods against physical infrastructure through the utilization of authorized cellular network equipment. The attackers converted legitimate SIM servers that telecom companies use for testing and marketing into command centers for launching extensive denial-of-service attacks across the NYC region.

Here’s a diagram (AI generated with input from me. Click it to enlarge) showing how the attack infrastructure was 
positioned to create maximum disruption during the UN General Assembly, with the technical capability to disable communications across the New York metropolitan area when world leaders and critical services needed them most. The network operated through SIM servers which handled hundreds of cellular connections at once so it could have generated attacks from fake phone users numbering in the tens of thousands. The system has the capability of overwhelming cell towers with connection attempts that could trigger a chain reaction of failures throughout telecom networks. Here are the key technical elements shown in the diagram:

Attack Infrastructure (Left Section)
  • Remote operators controlling the network from anywhere
  • 300 SIM servers managing 100,000+ SIM cards simultaneously
  • Attack capabilities including spoofing, mass communications, and network overload
Target Infrastructure (Center)

  • Multiple cell towers across the NYC area
  • Network operations centers managing call routing and traffic
  • Coordinated multi-vector attacks overwhelming the cellular infrastructure

Critical Impact Zone (Right Section)
  • UN General Assembly with world leaders present
  • Emergency services (911) that could be disabled
  • Financial markets dependent on cellular communications
  • Cascading consequences affecting public safety and government operations
Scale Indicators (Bottom)

The diagram shows this wasn't a small operation - it was a sophisticated, professionally-equipped attack infrastructure positioned strategically within 35 miles of one of the most important international gatherings, with the technical capability to create a communications blackout during a critical time when reliable communications were essential for security and emergency response. The timing, location, and scale suggest this was designed to cause maximum disruption during the UN General Assembly, potentially creating chaos that could endanger both world leaders and the general public.

Does Each SIM Need An Acccount?

Now, you may be asking yourself - Don’t I need a cellular account with a provider (Verizon, AT&T, etc) to make calls, access the web, and send texts? Yes - you do! Legitimate cellular accounts are required for this type of SIM server attack, which makes the incident even more alarming. Each of the 100,000+ seized SIM cards needed to be activated with real cellular service plans to connect to cell towers - the attackers couldn't simply create fake connections. This means someone had to establish, fund, and maintain an enormous number of cellular accounts, representing a massive financial investment and sophisticated planning operation.

The scale suggests this was far beyond typical cybercriminal capabilities. Attackers likely used a combination of stolen identities, shell companies, compromised existing accounts, or international roaming arrangements to create this vast network of legitimate cellular connections. The sheer logistics of managing 100,000 active cellular accounts - along with the monthly service costs - points to either state-level resources or a major compromise of cellular carrier systems. This requirement for legitimate accounts actually strengthens the theory that this was a nation-state operation, as few other actors have the resources and sophistication to establish and maintain cellular service at this scale while keeping it hidden from authorities.

Security experts for years have been warning about an attack like this. This incident has exposed physical layer weaknesses in essential infrastructure to the general public. 

Wednesday, September 17, 2025

Ball Bearings

A month or so ago, someone I knew growing up died. What follows is a memory from around 1964.

Her father fixed cars. The shop was across downtown, by the river.

Marbles were everything in second grade. Kids brought bags of them to school. Cat's eyes and steelies and the clear ones that looked like ice. Recess was marble time.

"Want to see something?" she asked one morning in Mrs. Elsden’s class.

She opened her small hand. Three steel ball bearings sat in her palm, perfect and cold.

"From Dad's shop," she said.

I took them. They were heavy for their size. Heavier than any marble. I rolled them between my fingers during reading time. They made no sound.

At recess, I put them in my marble bag with the others. My friend Jimmy watched.

"Those aren't marbles," he said.

"I know."

"Let me see."

"No."

The ball bearings made the bag heavier. They clicked against the glass marbles when I walked. I liked the sound.

After school, I found her in the bus line.

"Thank you," I said.

She shrugged. "Dad has boxes of them."

I kept those ball bearings for years. I lost them in one of my moves after college. I’ve looked for them but never found them.

Her father kept the shop going as far as I know.

Sunday, August 31, 2025

What the Ice Knows

Me around 7 with a
"keeper" pickerel
I was maybe seven years old.... The Berkshire reservoir was white and hard under our boots. Dad carried the ice chipper like he used to carry his Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR.) I knew this because he told me once, then never said it again.

"Here," he said, and set the chipper down. The metal blade gleamed in the morning sun.

His hands were thick around the handle. The fingers didn't bend right. They never had, not since I could remember. Korea, Mom said when I asked. The cold got to them over there. He was just eighteen when they sent him. The frostbite left them always numb.

Dad slipped the wrist strap over his right hand and raised the chipper. He brought it down hard. Chunk. Ice flew up in white chips. He worked steady, chopping down through nearly two feet of ice. His breath came out in white puffs. The tendons in his neck stood out.

"You try," he said after a few minutes. He slipped the strap off and helped me get it around my wrist. "Don't want to lose it in the hole."

I took the handle. It was heavier than it looked. The metal was cold even through my mittens. I chopped the way Dad showed me, trying to hit the same spot each time, then working around the edges to keep the hole wide. My arms got tired fast.

Dad used the skimmer to clear the ice chips, the big ladle with holes in it scooping out the slush and chunks that floated up once we broke through.

"Good," Dad said. "Before we get a gas auger, this is how we do it."

Dad got out a tip-up, uncoiled some line and attached a lead weight to the hook, dropped it down the hole, letting it sink until the line went slack. "Bottom," he said, and pulled it up a couple feet. He slid the button stop down the line to mark the depth. "Couple feet off the bottom. That's where they feed."

My brothers and I watched him bait the hook. "Hook goes through like this," he said, showing us. The shiner wiggled on the hook. Dad's thick fingers worked the shiner with surprising gentleness. "Not too deep. You want them to swim."

We chopped holes along the edge of the drop-off. Dad knew where the fish were. He always knew. Uncle Tom and my cousin arrived and set up their own tip-ups down the line from ours. Uncle Tom had been in a different war than Dad - the Pacific, on a battleship. He moved slower on the ice but his hands worked fine.

After we set all the tip-ups, one of my brothers chopped a rectangular hole between our lines. He worked the ice chipper in a rectangle, maybe two feet by three feet, chopping down deep while the other cleared it out with the skimmer.

Then my brother moved about a foot away and chopped another smaller hole, this one going all the way through to the water below. Dad had showed us how to use the ice chipper to cut a narrow channel connecting the small hole to the rectangular basin. "Feed hole brings the water in. Keep the fish fresh. Too small for them to swim out."

The water rose up into the rectangular basin they'd made, black and cold. Dad nodded, satisfied with their work.

"Now we wait," Dad said.

We sat on overturned buckets. My brothers, myself, and cousin got hot chocolate from Mom's big jug.

Dad reached into the tip-up bag and pulled out a port wine bottle. Dark glass, no label. He unscrewed the cap with his thick fingers and took a sip.

"Sneaky Pete," he said, holding it up like a toast to the empty lake. "Keeps the blood moving."

He passed it to Uncle Tom, who took a drink and nodded. They shared it back and forth, and Uncle Tom started telling stories from the Pacific - battleship stories with a few choice words thrown in that always made us kids giggle behind our mittens. Dad would shake his head but he was smiling too.

A flag went up on the third tip-up. Number three that's mine! I ran over, my heart pounding. Dad and my two brothers right behind me. Hand over hand, I brought up the fish.

"Pickerel," Dad said as I held it up, my hands shaking with excitement. The fish was smaller than a pike, with the same green back and needle teeth. "Good fighter. You did good."

Dad showed me how to unhook it, how to hold it so it wouldn't thrash. His hands covered mine, steady and certain with the fish.

"Back you go," he said, and helped me slip it into the dark water. The pickerel flicked its tail and disappeared.

"Why'd we let it go?" I asked.

"Not big enough to keep. Let it grow."

It was cold, but the early morning sun warmed us even as our breath steamed. A little later when the sun was higher, we set up the small charcoal grill up on the ice and got the coals going. The smell of charcoal and cooking hamburgers and hot dogs mixed with the cold air. We huddled around the grill, warming our hands over the heat, eating lunch while watching the tip-ups. 

The flags kept going up. Yellow perch mostly, fat and golden. These we kept, dropping them into the live well where they swam in slow circles in the small space. Our cousin Tommy pulled up a nice brown trout, dark spotted and thick through the middle. That one went in the live well too, the water rippling as it joined the perch.

We fished until the sun was dropping and our feet were numb. Dad never complained about the cold, never mentioned his hands. But I saw him flex his fingers when he thought I wasn't looking, trying to work the stiffness out.

Dad pulled the fish from the live well and put them in a bucket pacled with snow, the perch and brown trout still fresh and bright-colored.

On the walk back to the car, our boots crunching on the snow, I asked him about Korea. Just once.

"Cold there," he said. "Colder than this."

That was all. But it was enough. I understand why he never wore gloves, why he always said the cold here wasn't so bad. Why his hands were the way they were, and why that was just how things were. Why he bought us expensive mittens when we were kids, I understand that now. He didn't take any disability for those frostbitten hands for over seventy years, until his late eighties. That's Dad.

We loaded the gear in the station wagon. Dad started the engine and turned the heat on full.

"Good day," he said.

It was. I knew it was. But I couldn't have known that mornings like this were building what would follow. Dad teaching patience as we watched for flags. How to work steady through thick ice, one deliberate strike at a time. Letting me struggle with that heavy chipper until I my arms ached, then helping just enough.

He was showing us quiet certainty. Respect for wild things - releasing that small pickerel to grow. That good things come to those who wait and watch.

So much started in places like this, with a man whose hands were numbed by cold and war, but whose knowledge ran deeper than the ice and water beneath our feet.

Friday, August 22, 2025

Finally Captain: A Long-Awaited Achievement

Last week, I accomplished something I've been dreaming about for years – I passed my captain exams. As I sit here reflecting on this milestone, I'm struck by how the journey to get here mirrors so many of the life lessons I try to share with my students about persistence and prioritization. 

The Challenge of Time

Between my demanding work schedule, quality family time, and staying current in a field where new technologies emerge almost daily, finding dedicated study time felt nearly impossible. As an engineering professor, I consistently observe how rapidly our field evolves, requiring both my students and myself to embrace lifelong learning - though finding the time for this continuous education presents a significant challenge. Between teaching loads, grant commitments, and administrative responsibilities, each semester brings new pressure to integrate cutting-edge topics into our curriculum.  The irony wasn't lost on me that I teach others about learning and managing complex technical challenges while struggling to carve out time for my own personal goals.

 

Four Exams

The captain licensing process requires passing four comprehensive exams, each covering different aspects of maritime knowledge and safety protocols. Every time I thought I could block off a few days to focus, a new semester would start, or a major technology shift would require me to completely revamp my curriculum. Students depend on faculty to stay current with industry standards, and there is no way I could let that commitment slide.

 

Finding the Balance

What finally made the difference was treating my exam preparation like I teach my students to approach complex projects – breaking it into manageable chunks and finding study opportunities in unexpected moments. Early morning sessions before others woke up, audio review during workouts, and yes, even squeezing in practice questions between classes.

 

The Sweet Victory

Receiving that passing score email last week felt incredible. It wasn't just about achieving a personal goal – it was proof that even with a packed schedule and competing priorities, persistence pays off. The experience has given me new appreciation for my students who are juggling their own complex lives while trying to master rapidly evolving technology. Whether they're studying circuit design, complex communications protocols, or advanced mathematics, they're doing it while managing work, family, and countless other responsibilities.

 

What's Next

Now that I have my captain's license and semi-retired, I'm looking forward to combining my love of the water with quality family time and of course part-time learning and teaching. But more importantly, this achievement has reminded me that growth never stops – whether you're learning new maritime skills or staying current with the latest communication protocols.


To the students reading this: if a 68 (almost 69 ugh) year old professor can finally pass his captain exams after years of "someday I'll find the time," you can absolutely conquer whatever technical challenge you're facing right now. Sometimes the biggest obstacles aren't the material itself, but finding the time and persistence to see it through.

 

Fair winds and following seas – both on the water and in the classroom.